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Phonemic orthography
A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographies; a high degree of grapheme-phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but these orthographies differ in the degree to which they are in fact fully phonemic. English orthography, for example, though alphabetic, is highly non-phonemic, whereas Italian and Finnish orthographic systems come much closer to being consistent phonemic representations.
In less formal terms, a language with a highly phonemic orthography may be described as having regular spelling. Another terminology is that of deep and shallow orthographies, where the depth of an orthography is the degree to which it diverges from being truly phonemic (this concept can also be applied to non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries).
==Ideal phonemic orthography==
In an ideal phonemic orthography, there would be a complete one-to-one correspondence (bijection) between the graphemes (letters) and the phonemes of the language, and each phoneme would invariably be represented by its corresponding grapheme. This would mean that the spelling of a word would unambiguously and transparently indicate its pronunciation; and conversely that a speaker knowing the pronunciation of a word would be able to infer its spelling without any doubt. This ideal situation is rare, but does exist. An example of an ideally phonemic orthography is the Serbian language. In the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet there are thirty graphemes each uniquely corresponding to one of thirty phonemes. Ideal phonemic orthography was achieved in the 19th century when Serbian linguist Vuk Karadzic reformed the Cyrillic alphabet and presented it to the public with a phrase "Write as you speak, read as it is written" (Piši kao što govoriš, čitaj kako je napisano/Пиши као што говориш, читај како је написано). A perfect phonemic orthography makes reading and writing of Serbian language very easy to learn. 〔(''The Graphical Basis of Phones and Phonemes'' ), Robert F. Port, Indiana University, 2005〕
There are two distinct types of deviation from this phonemic ideal. In the first case, the exact one-to-one correspondence may be lost (for example, some phoneme may be represented by a digraph instead of a single letter), but the "regularity" is retained, in that there is still an algorithm (though a more complex one) for predicting the spelling from the pronunciation and vice versa. In the second case true irregularity is introduced, as certain words come to be spelled according to different rules than others, and prediction is no longer possible without knowledge about the orthography of individual words. Common cases of both of these types of deviation from the ideal are discussed in the following section.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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